We’ve gotten several emails, the most recent and the best phrased one from a reader of Photography Life, with questions along the following lines:
What happened to my mid-tones? I set the exposure using exposure meter, opened the shot in Adobe Lr (or Adobe Camera Raw, or some other converter) … and the shot looks overexposed and everything from mid-tone and up looks very flat. If I shoot in RAW+JPEG, the JPEG looks OK, while the RAW is not. Should I expose lower?
We’ve decided that the reply to this question belongs here.
Table of Contents
Short Version
Please don’t lower the exposure, you will be underexposing by more than 1 stop in addition to the underexposure due to camera meter calibration. Not a great idea, especially if the light is low and you are already above ISO 400.
As a result of lowering the exposure you will push the shadows higher on the tone scale while doing raw conversion, thus transposing shadow noise and artifacts (such as banding and blotches) to lighter tones where they are more visible; consequently you will reduce resolution in those areas, as more noise and less levels in raw mean less details. Instead, change the default settings (read on for a suggestion) or adjust on a per image basis. Having customized defaults, however, will save you a lot of time down the road. While reading, please keep in mind that one can’t judge the exposure by the brightness. Brightness is the product of the raw conversion process and as such depends on the settings in the raw converter, including the default settings, which may not be so obvious. Of course, brightness also depends on monitor calibration and viewing conditions, as well as the ISO setting in the camera, much the same way the volume control sets the loudness. That, however, is a subject for another day.
First, let’s see how this brightening happens in raw conversion.
Comparing raw rendered “as is” to its default render in a converter
Consider the following example. When opening this shot in ACR or Adobe Lr (and in some other converters, too) it does look overexposed and flat on the higher tones (see the upper left part of the banana: it’s starting to lose volume, look flat, glossy, nearly featureless; the persimmon, conversely, is obviously too bright)
Comparing it to the JPEG the camera recorded, the JPEG looks much less flat in that area (ironically, this is because my cameras are set to custom “flat” picture control, preventing extreme image brightening)
We can look at this embedded JPEG using FastRawViewer. This looks a little better.
To see the raw truth, we can open the same raw shot in RawDigger, with it being rendered “as is” without any adjustments applied:
1) The previously marked (Figure 1) area of the shot does not look like it’s been flattened into a pancake anymore
2) The raw statistics and raw histogram indicate that not only is this shot NOT overexposed, as a matter of fact it is underexposed by nearly a stop (the maximum is below 9200 on a 14-bit scale).
So, if you were to try and expose your shots so that they looked good and properly exposed in a raw converter “as is”, by default, you would need to underexpose this shot even more, close to 2 EV in total.
It seems as if ACR (Figure 1) applies some default adjustments to a raw shot upon opening it.
Below we will calculate the exact value of the adjustments that are, by default, applied to the midtone. If you are not into formulas and calculations, you can scroll down to the next part, which is devoted to the practical advice on how to deal with those default adjustments.
Calculating the Brightening Caused by The Default Adjustments
Now, we need something better than just a visual reference, as we are going to be dealing with numbers; we need a shot of a target with known values. The famous Kodak Q13 grey step wedge has known and stable values. It was designed to “find the correct exposure and processing conditions” and suits our situation very well. The Q13 shares first place among the most photographed objects in the world with the Macbeth ColorChecker.
From the Kodak formulation, the absolute reflection density Dr (we will shorten it to just “density”) of the “A” patch is 0.05D, the step between patches is 0.1D. According to the formulation, the “M” patch receives a density of 0.75D (0.05 + 7*0.1D).
Following “A Guide to Understanding Graphic Arts Densitometry” by X-Rite, p.5:
D = log10(1/Rf ), that is Rf = 1 /10^D, (1)
where Rf is Reflectance factor (say, 0.18 for 18%)
More details can be found in ISO 5-4:2009, but the above is sufficient for the task at hand. The Q13 is designed in such a way that the reflectance of the “M” patch as a percentage (clipping point is considered to be 100% reflectance) is very close to the proverbial 18% mid-tone:
100% / (10^0.75) = 17.78%
This is fortunate, as ISO Standard 12232 “Digital still cameras — Determination of exposure index, ISO speed ratings, standard output sensitivity, and recommended exposure index” defines the midpoint on a rendered image as 18% grey.
To connect the dots, let’s also see how to convert density D to familiar photographic stops; that is, to EV units. Given that for linear data:
EV = log2(1/Rf) (2)
Hence, using formula (1), we infer that the correlation between the density and EV units is:
EV = D * log210 ≈ D * 3.322 (3)
That is 1.0D ≈ 3 1/3 stops.
Thus, 0.1D ≈ 1/3 EV (this means that the step between the patches on the Q13 is very close to 1/3 EV), and the absolute density of 0.05D for the “A” patch is ≈ 1/6 EV. For the “M” patch, the absolute value of 0.75D translates to 0.75D*log2(10) ≈ 2.49 EV.
What we learn from the above is that as soon as the “A” patch is slightly (around 1/6 EV) below clipping, the “M” patch is about 2.5 stops below clipping.
Working in RGB, we can calculate the reflectance factor for a channel (channel here is R, G, or B) like this:
Rf = Measured Channel Value / Max Channel Value,
where Max Channel Value is 255 for 8-bit spaces, but for a camera/sensor it is the clipping point
We can express the mid-tone, using the following formulas for RGB space with a gamma (typical gammas: 2.2, 1.8, etc.):
a. as a percentage of the reflection, %
Mid-toneChannel,% = ((Channel Mid-tone Value / Channel Max value) ^ gamma)*100% (4)
b. in photographic stops, EV:
Mid-toneChannel,EV = log2((Channel Mid-tone Value / Channel Max value) ^ gamma) (5)
For the sake of convenience, we will be using Green channel values, as those are unaffected by the white balance. Let’s examine a shot of the Q13 step wedge to find what real values for the mid-tone we got in the shot, so as to compare them further with the converter’s output. Opening the shot in RawDigger, we can see that it contains small blown-out areas of specular highlights.
The values for those blown-out areas reach the maximum available for the camera at the given ISO, so we can take the maximum value from the statistics, this value being 15615 (you should not expect it to be exactly 16383 – 2^14-1). By the way, we are sure that the areas are blown out also because the readings in all 4 channels, RGBG, are not only high, but very close to each other too – they hit the hard limit.
This shot was exposed in such a way that the brightest patch is close to clipping. Making a selection over the “A” patch, we can see it is 14209.4, which, according to formula (5) and taking into the account the gamma for the raw data = 1 (the raw data is linear), is log2(14209.4/15615) ≈ –0.14 EV from clipping (1/6 EV is ≈0.17 EV).
Next, let’s check the value of the “M” patch with RawDigger. A selection over the “M” patch results in an average value of 2755.8.
As we can see, the “M” patch on the shot is very close to the academic mid-tone of 18% and to Kodak’s formulation of 17.78% (see above) – from formula (4); again, using gamma=1 since it is linear raw data, we have:
2755.8 / 15615 *100% = 17.65%
As was already mentioned, ISO standard 12232 calls for the midpoint on a rendered image to be 18% grey, corresponding to the value of 118 in 8-bit (0..255) sRGB within the margin of ±1/3 EV. To convert this interval into photographic stops we use formula (5) with gamma 2.2
log2((118/255)^2.2)±1/3 EV = -2.45 ± 1/3 EV
This means that in photographic stops, the interval for the midpoint is between -2.12 EV and -2.78 EV
To get back to RBG values we have to repeat the same calculations in reverse, and, to spare you the details, the result is that we should expect the midpoint to be between 105 and 130, accounting for ±1/3 EV tolerance the standard suggests. Now, let’s open the image in Adobe CameraRaw and check the value of the “M” patch.
It’s 181 in the Green channel in sRGB, pretty far from the midpoint (if you are using Lightroom, you can turn SoftProofing on and set it to proof to sRGB to see the RGB numbers on a 0..255 scale). But how far is it in photographic terms, that is to say in EV?
Let’s make some calculations, taking into account that the standard says that gamma = 2.2 for sRGB:
The standard calls for 118 RGB for “M” patch, so according to the standard the reflectivity on “M” patch should be (using formulas (4) and (5)):
((118/255)^2.2)*100% ≈ 18.4%
log2((118/255)^2.2) ≈ -2.44 EV (2.44 EV down from clipping)
On our shot the “M” patch is 2755.8 in Green channel (see Figure 8); the maximum value is 15615; and gamma=1, so the reflectivity of the “M” patch from the raw data is (using the same formulas):
(2755.2/15615)*100% ≈ 17.65%
log2(2755.2/15615) ≈ -2.5 EV (2.5 EV down from clipping)
As we have already mentioned, the “M” patch is very close to the academic mid-tone of 18% and to Kodak’s formulation of 17.78%,
After raw conversion, we got 181 RGB for the “M” patch:
(181/255)^2.2)*100% ≈ 47% (instead of 18%)
log2((181/255)^2.2) = -1 EV (1 EV down from clipping, instead of 2.5 EV)
This means that the mid-tone is bumped by about 1.5 EV! No wonder higher mid-tones start to look featureless: they are heavily compressed through a very long and flat shoulder of the default tone curve. This actually means that if you were to try and expose in such a way that the defaults in a raw converter place a mid-tone where it belongs on the default rendition, you might end up underexposing by more than 1 EV — just start decreasing the Exposure value and watch how 118 appears in the green channel when the slider is at -1.2 EV.
This might be not so detrimental when light is aplenty and you are keeping ISO low, but in dim light with exposure going down and ISO going up, you will heavily deplete the camera’s dynamic range.
Practical Part: How You Can Override Default Adjustments
Let’s see if we can change the defaults in such a way that no hidden brightening will happen during raw conversion. Such defaults are easier to set using Process Version 2010. Let’s switch to it. Default settings are now: Brightness = 50, Contrast = 25, Blacks = 5, and Medium Contrast curve. So, one can immediately see that some adjustment have been made to a shot.
Just on a side note: the selected point of the “M” patch with the default render of this shot of the Q13 in the ACR process 2010 has a value of 177 in Green channel, while for the default render with process 2012 the value for the very same point was 181.
As some of our readers may know, Dan Margulis advocates starting with the zeroed-out rendition; and only then adjusting the sliders to choose the proper settings for conversion; or, better yet, converting with zeroed-out settings and continuing in Photoshop.
Setting the Black, Brightness, and Contrast sliders all to zero, and dropping the curve to Linear, we see that the “M” patch value now becomes 129, that is, according to the standard, in the ballpark for a mid-tone. However, only in its upper margin.
Switching back to Process Version 2012, you can save the resulting settings and use them for zeroed-out renditions – as you can see, now, the “M” patch has a value of 133 in Green channel, placing it very close to where the mid-tone belongs.
Nevertheless, for process 2012 we are slightly above the standard upper margin, and for the 2010 we are just a little below it. Why? Remember when we discussed the silent/hidden exposure compensation Adobe applies? This “BaselineExposure” (BLE) happens to be 0.25 EV for Nikon D4s for this ISO. Subtracting it from the Exposure, we see the sRGB number in the green channel dropping to 119 for process 2010 with zeroed out defaults.
…and 123 for process 2012 with zeroed-out defaults.
Voilà! Now, with these settings, we have the mid-tone placed correctly, within the tolerance allowed by the standard.
Some Words About BaselineExposure
We already touched upon this subject a year ago in the article “Adobe’s Silent Exposure Compensation“. Another way to look at BaselineExposure is this: BaselineExposure indicates the difference between the clipping in the raw converter and the clipping in the raw itself. BaselineExposure is the amount of EV to which the highlights can be brought back (un-clipped) before “highlight recovery” (that is, the interpolation that reconstructs the clipped channels based on the channels that are not clipped) kicks in.
Referring to certain cameras, some folks say that those cameras allow one to “restore clipped highlights” better. But those highlights they are restoring are not clipped in raw; they are clipped in a raw converter: that is, no restoration happens, just smoke and mirrors. The price for this “feature” is straightforward underexposure, resulting in more artifacts and noise – the lower the camera metering system is calibrated, the lower the exposure, the more headroom in highlights there is for “restoring”, and the higher the BaselineExposure number.
But I digress…
To be sure of what is happening, we’ll use a synthetic dng with a simulated 16-bit Q13 step wedge. The simulation is based on the above-mentioned Kodak formulation; “A” is 0.05D, and each next step adds 0.1D (in other words, the step is 1/3 EV). The BaselineExposure for this DNG is 0, because of how we created that synthetic dng.
Using a superposition of formulas (3) and (5) we will get the RGB value for every patch calculated based on its density:
RGBpatch = RGBMax/10^(Dpatch/gamma) (6)
Based on this formula we can calculate RGB values for every patch of the Q13 for RGB color space with various gamma values.
Now we open our synthetic dng with simulated 16-bit Q13 step wedge in RawDigger,
…make a selection grid,
…and save the selection’s RGB values as a table (Excel-compatible .CSV):
Comparing the numbers calculated (Figure 16, last column – since we have 16-bit linear data) to the numbers in RawDigger (Figure 19) you can see the synthetic dng step wedge is correct. Now, if you open our synthetic dng in ACR (using the process 2010 as more obvious and precise), zero out the settings, place color samplers to 9 patches (unfortunately, ACR allows only up to 9 color samplers at once) and compare the numbers with the table on Figure 16 (please use the appropriate gamma column, 1.8 for ProPhoto, 2.2 for AdobeRGB and sRGB; the numbers agree best for ProPhoto RGB and AdobeRGB due to true sRGB not exactly being the gamma 2.2 space, which affects mostly shadows), you will see that the numbers are very close to what they should be.
This proves our statement that after we zeroed-out defaults in Adobe raw converter we get accurate scene reproduction, within the BaselineExposure compensation.
In the next article we will show you how to calculate BaselineExposure for your camera using RawDigger.