When photographing with a digital camera, it might sometimes be impossible to focus on the edges of the frame due to the limitations of the camera. To be able to get around the problem, photographers can use a technique called “focus and recompose”. In this article, I will go over the focus and recompose technique, which can be quite useful when photographing in various environments – whether shooting in low-light situations or composing your shots with the subject in the corner of the frame.
NIKON D700 + 50mm f/1.4 @ 50mm, ISO 200, 1/320, f/1.8
I personally use this technique quite a bit when doing event and wildlife photography. It saved me a number of times when the light conditions were extremely poor and my camera could not properly focus. It also works really well in situations where my camera’s focus points are only concentrated in the middle of the frame.
Table of Contents
What Recomposing Means
Before I talk about this technique, let me first explain what the word “recompose” stands for in photography. When you take a picture, you carefully frame your shot and place your subject somewhere in the frame before you take a picture. In other words, you compose the shot. Recomposing simply means framing your shot first (for example to acquire focus), then moving your camera to reposition your subject somewhere else in the frame.
For example, let’s say you started off by placing the subject in the center of the frame and focusing on the subject’s eyes. Instead of having a boring shot with your subject in the dead center, you could place the subject a little to the side and end up with a much better composition. In other words, you are recomposing your shot.
Why the Need to Recompose?
Normally, most people do not bother with recomposing their shots when using modern digital cameras. Many DSLR cameras, even the most basic entry-level models come with a bunch of focus points, which are scattered across the viewfinder, as seen in the below image:
When composing a shot, the easiest thing to do is typically to move the focus point to the desired area of the viewfinder (where the subject is placed), acquire focus and then take a picture. But therein lies a typical problem – the focus point is often too small to cover the area of interest or it might not be where you want it. Take another look at the above viewfinder – you are forced to place your subject where the pre-defined 11 focus points are.
But what if you wanted more flexibility and if you wanted to move your subject freely anywhere in the frame? Sure, higher-end cameras have a lot more focus points to work with in situations like this, but they rarely cover the entire frame, because of the limits of the camera’s phase-detection system. Sometimes having too many focus points might slow you down as well when recomposing your shots, since you have to move the focus points so much.
In addition to this, the center focus point is always the most accurate in all DSLRs, as I pointed out in my article on taking sharp photos. This means that when light conditions are poor, your only choice to get acceptably sharp images might be to use the center focus point. If you have done some low-light photography, you will relate to this, as I am sure you can remember how the lens goes back and forth “hunting” for focus when using corner focus points. Here is an image, which was shot in an extremely dark environment:
The subject is tack sharp. I had to manually pre-focus on my subject with the center focus point with the help of the camera’s AF assist beam (no other focus point could get accurate focus), then I fired a flash behind the subject with a blue gel to get the above effect.
So for these kinds of situations, being able to first focus and then recompose your shots can make a huge difference. If the technique is done right, you do not have to worry about too much post-processing and cropping just to get a better composition – you can do it right using your camera and this technique.
Focusing and Recomposing Methods
There are several ways to focus and recompose your shots. Let’s go over each method and look at its advantages and disadvantages. Please keep in mind that I am assuming that your camera and lens are set to autofocus. The below instructions will not work in manual focus mode.
Single Servo Focus Method
The first, and the easiest way, is to set your camera to Single Servo or “AF-S” autofocus mode. When your camera is set to Single Servo mode, it will only acquire focus once when you half-press the shutter button. While leaving the focus point in the center, point your camera at your subject, lock focus by half-pressing the shutter release button, and wait for the camera to confirm it (either with a beep or with an in-focus indicator), then recompose and take a picture. If your camera refuses to take a picture, it means that it is set to “Focus” release mode. Just go to the camera menu and set it to “Release” in AF-S / Single Servo mode and it should be able to fire no matter where you point it.
This method works great on most cameras, but it requires to have your camera set to the Single Servo / AF-S mode. If you shoot with an entry-level Nikon DSLR, then the default AF-A mode should also work great, as long as your subject is not moving. If you want to be able to lock focus in any autofocus mode, see the next method.
Autofocus Lock Method
Almost every modern interchangeable lens digital camera, including entry-level models, comes with a button on the back of the camera that is dedicated to locking the camera exposure and autofocus. On Nikon cameras, this button is called “AE-L / AF-L” and you will find it on practically every camera model. By default, the button is programmed to lock both exposure and focus, which would work great for the focus and recompose technique.
Without worrying about which autofocus mode your camera is in, you simply focus on your subject by half-pressing the shutter button, then after focus is confirmed, you press and hold the AE-L / AF-L button on the back of the camera while continuing to half-press the shutter. Then you recompose your shot and take a picture (continue to hold both buttons). Doing this will achieve two things – your exposure will get locked and will not change (which can be very useful when photographing people in challenging light) and your focus will stay on the subject.
The only thing you have to make sure is that this button is actually programmed to lock exposure and focus. On some camera models, it might not be able to do both. On all Nikon DSLRs, the AE-L / AF-L is set to do this by default. However, if the above method does not work for you, you might have to look at the menu settings. See my “Nikon AE-L/AF-L button” article for more information on this.
AF-ON / Back Button Method
The last method, which I personally prefer over the first two, is to program a button on the back of the camera to acquire focus – a technique known as “Back-Button Focus“. By moving the focusing function of the camera to this button, you eliminate the need to half-press the shutter button when acquiring focus – the shutter button is only used to actually take pictures.
This works great for me because I do not have to constantly think about pressing the Autofocus lock button or being in Single Servo mode. On top of that, I do not have to keep half-pressing the shutter button, which I might accidentally trigger. And it works great for focusing and recomposing your shots.
Again, all modern DSLRs and mirrorless cameras can do this. If you have a high-end digital camera, you might have an “AF-ON” button on its rear where your thumb can reach it. The “AF-ON” button can be configured in the camera menu to move the focus function to it.
First, make sure that you are in a single AF mode – you should be able to move the focus points in your viewfinder. Next, go to the “Custom Setting Menu” -> “Autofocus”, then find the menu item “AF Activation”. Change it to “AF-ON only”. Once set, try half-pressing the shutter button – it will do nothing. But as soon as you press the AF-ON button with your thumb, the camera will start acquiring focus.
If you have an entry-level Nikon camera, it might not have a dedicated AF-ON button. However, don’t be disappointed, because the same “AE-L / AF-L” button I talked about before can be configured to do the same thing:
The setting is located in a different menu location. Go to the “Custom Setting Menu” -> “Controls” -> “Assign AE-L/AF-L button” or to “Setup Menu” -> “Buttons” and you will see an option that says “AF-ON”. Just choose that option and press OK. Once done, test by half-pressing the shutter button first – it should not attempt to acquire focus. Next, press the AE-L/AF-L button and the camera should start autofocusing.
We go through many other camera brands in our back-button focusing article, so make sure to check it out.
Once you move the focus function to this back button, here is how to use it:
- Use the focus point selector and place the desired focus point on your subject
- Press the AF-ON / Back button with your thumb to acquire focus
- Release the AF-ON / Back button to keep and lock focus where it is
- Recompose your shot and take a picture
Potential Focus Issues
One thing you always have to keep in mind when using this technique is that you mind end up with badly focused images when recomposing aggressively, shooting at very large apertures and close distances. Remember, your focus plane shifts when you recompose, so if you have a very shallow depth of field and you are standing too close to your subject, recomposing too much could result in a soft-looking / defocused subject.
If you cannot get a sharp image, try to keep the focus point as close to the subject as possible and then recompose a little. Less shift means less change in the focus plane. If you shoot with long-lenses over long distances, you do not have to worry about this as much. Here is an example of the technique, where I used the center focus point to focus on my subjects on the right (using the AF-ON button), after which I recomposed the image to include the two models on the left:
I hope this article was useful to you. Please let me know if you have any questions!
Good article, Nasim. Thank you it was quite helpful.
I have a general question related to using AF-on. If you use AF-on, and then let go and press the shutter button to execute the exposure, at which point does light metering occur? Is it concurrent with focusing, or does it instead happen separately at the “half held down” position of the shutter release button?
As an extension of this question, could there be a similar issue with metering incorrectly because where you are framed when you focus has different lighting conditions than where you frame after recomposing, analagous to the change in focal plane?
Very good article, I would like to know if you have any writing regarding the Wi-Fi connection of the Nikon D850, I am trying to do some things with the Wifi but I am having certain problems
Further, on cameras that have a touch screen at the back that can be set to focus on touch, doesn’t the back button focussing (that is assigning a button to focus) become redundant?
Using back button focussing with AE/AF button (in case a dedicated AF-ON button is not available), you would lose the ability to lock exposure. Is there any other way to lock exposure in such a case?
Well…. looks like Sony’s new eye auto-focus, face detection and auto-lock tracking has changed the game now. Mirrorless cameras are the future and i recommend everyone to get one instead of DSLR because of the auto-focus systems. You rarely miss shots and you can capture more focus shots on people’s face.
So is there a circumstance when you would use the AF-ON button to lock focus and then hold the AE-L/AF-L button while taking the picture? I just got a D810 and I’ve always shot with the D7200 and held the AE-L/AF-L button while taking my picture (assigned the button for back button focus). :)
Hello Nasim. Thanks for an in-depth and intelligent article on this topic. In addition to all the good points you make, I wish to raise a further item, regarding the connection between active AF points and exposure. My first SLR with autofocus was the Canon EOS 5 (1992). In those days the number of auto-focus points was very limited so I used the focus & recompose technique all the time. I got good results, especially regarding the exposure of my shots. I understood how AE-lock works, and would use it if required prior to recomposing – especially useful when using matrix metering programs. Fast forward to recent times when I started using DSLRs such as the Nikon D800 and D5. I try to use the focus & recompose techniques with these Nikon bodies, but it seems to me the exposure is almost always off (over or under exposed). The Nikon documentation and tutorials suggest that the Nikon auto-focus system and exposure system are intimately connected. Exposure is potentially informed by which AF point(s) are active and which AF mode is in use, and this helps the camera identify the true subject of each photo and fine-tune the exposure program accordingly. It’s not clear to me how the exposure programs are affected if (a) you don’t use AF at all, or (b) you use AF but recompose after acquiring focus, thus resulting in a different part of the frame being under the AF point you used to acquire focus. Do you have any knowledge on how active AF-points can affect exposure programs (if at all), and how we can still get good results in those cases with focus & recompose?
Hello, I am so confused as of why a person doesn’t just compose the shot whether the subject is in the middle or off to the side and just scroll the single focus button to where they are at in the frame and just focus this way and then shoot? What am I missing here? Why focus and then have to move the camera to have the subject on the right or left when we can do it in the first place? I would really really appreciate if anyone could answer this question…or perhaps some of you would love to know the same :)
On most full-frame cameras, the focus points only cover the central part of the frame, so you can’t always fit a focus point over your subject without using focus/recompose…..
Thanks for the tutorial, Nasim. However, I don’t understand focus/recompose if I want to use back button focus in AF-S and AF-C. Do I focus, release the back button and recompose or do I continuously hold down the back button. Can you please post an article on this? It would be so greatly appreciated!
Hello!
I’m researching about my Canon 6D and diving deeper into the technical part of it and I’ve come to a question unanswered after a little research so I’m reaching out here for perhaps you can help me out on this one!
I’m assigning AF lock to my AF-on rear button so I could practice ‘focus and recompose technique’ with ease. To be frank, I’m just dealing with theory here since I can’t use my camera hands-on for another couple of days so getting my hands on could answer my questions when dealing with theory here but instead of waiting to get my hands on, I’m reaching you(impatient, perhaps).
But as I am reading an interesting topic about ‘Auto exposure lock with hold'(Asterisk button): learn.usa.canon.com/resou…blog.shtml
it states(And also does 6D manual) that “AE lock is applied at the selected AF point”(when using Evaluative metering).
The idea of assinging my AE button to lock and hold my metering sounds great, but also unnecessary when it is said to be applied to the focus point. So my question is, why should I bother assigning the lock hold to AE button, when I have assigned AF lock to my ‘AF-on’ button. I have never even changed my metering mode(always on Evaluative, but I’d like to experiment with different ones now as well). In what cases would I want my focus point to be different from my exposure any who? And if I would want my exposure meter to be different from focus point, as the manual says, is possible with every metering mode except evaluative, what use would it be if it states ‘AE lock is applied to the center AF point’.
Maybe I’m getting too ahead of my self right now but I hope you could clear my head from this one!